the economic impacts of inadequate infrastructure software testing, one of the rare studies about the economic effects of unreliable software from nist, an agency of the commerce department's technology administration, us, may 2002.

In 2000, total sales of software reached approximately $180 billion. (p13) ...

Estimates of the economic costs of faulty software in the U.S. range in the tens of billions of dollars per year and have been estimated to represent approximately just under 1 percent of the nation’s gross domestic product (GDP). (p14) ...

Based on the software developer and user surveys, the national annual costs of an inadequate infrastructure for software testing is estimated to range from $22.2 to $59.5 billion. (footnote: the impact estimates do not reflect “costs” associated with mission critical software where failure can lead to extremely high costs such as loss of life or catastrophic failure. Quantifying these costs was beyond the scope of the study.(p15)

tony hoare is arguing, no it's not just the right testing environment that is missing, it is correct software, "but right now they don't see it that way."