instructions are given by a map with route lines, or texts or with the help of photos with arrows: the task: navigation through a suburb.

subjects using the map with a line made many more deviations from the route and made more corrections than the others. but on average the subjects arrived at the end point at more or less the same time. the overview presentation (map) did lead to less effectiveneness than the two versions presenting only procedural information (text, photos), but not to lower efficiency.

finding back:

subjects using the map varied strongly when they were asked to indicate the starting point; those using the text version indicated either too much to the left or to right (more or less equal groups) and those using the photos with arrows indicated the direction the most correctly and consistently. | presentation media for route instructions

paul mijksenaar, visual function